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Sentences for "antennal"
Based on the analysis and tabulation of each individual specimen, 26% of the cry b samples (carrying either of the luc transgenes) showed rhythmicity in this assay as compared with 86% of the cry antennal pairs [ 13 ] .
In Figure 2we plot and analyze the average luminescence of antennal pairs collected in LD12:12 to compare cry +versus cry b .
Given that the effect of averaging is to smooth a time series and potentially emphasize rhythmicity, the absence of obvious periodicity in cry b , as shown qualitatively in the bottom left panel in Figure 2, suggests that the antennal cry b phenotype is typically arrhythmic in LD12:12.
Figure 8ashows the linearly detrended plot from an isolated antennal pair expressing a tim-luc reporter sampled in hourly increments in the time domain (counts per second of bioluminescence over time).
We previously employed luc reporting to study the effects of a cryptochrome mutation ( cry b ), concentrating on clock gene expression in isolated antennal pairs from Drosophila [ 23 ] .
But our study suggested a different role for cry in the periphery, because antennal rhythmicity in mutant specimens was dramatically reduced in constant darkness [ 23 ] , an effect that is not consistent with the idea that the encoded protein (CRY) functions solely as a photoreceptor for the circadian system [ 24 25 ] .
Figure 1illustrates how rhythmicity generated by one antennal pair is extracted from rather weak output by the application of appropriate analytic tools.
Our earlier conclusions [ 23 ] have been substantially buttressed by the new features of these time-series analyses: With respect to its effects on clock-gene cyclings, the cry b mutation significantly reduces the number of rhythmic antennal pairs, heads, bodies and forelegs (but not wings) compared with cry +controls.
Mutant rhythmicity that passed muster in that manner was evident for both reporters only in the wing and antennal pairs.
Significant differences were evident in the phase of these two clock genes' cyclical expression under a light-dark cycle, for all tissues except isolated antennal pairs and the heads (see Figure 7) and 8.
Effects of cry b on antennal rhythms in constant darkness and constant temperature Temporally varying LUC activity was examined for antennal pairs in constant darkness (DD) to assess whether cry b affects free-running rhythmicity.
In constant conditions, the mutation significantly reduced the number of rhythmic antennal pairs for both reporters.
This effect of cry b indicates that the gene may contribute to regulation of the endogenous phase for the antennal clock.
While antennal rhythms of gene expression and of odor sensitivity in DD are significantly attenuated in cry b tissues ( [ 23 ] , unlike locomotor rhythmicity [ 21 ] ), it remained possible that such effects are due to an altered role of light on the developing clock.
To address this possibility, we reared experimental subjects and prepared antennal samples in a temperature cycle (27°C:18°C) in DD and then tested the antennal samples in constant darkness at a constant warm temperature 27° (here called HH - for constant high temperature - to distinguish this experiment from the standard LD rearing->DD tests described above).
However, very few of the rhythmic specimens, among either cry +or cry b antennal pairs, was significantly periodic (see Table 2).
For example, the average of the RI values given for the rhythmic per-luc antennal samples in LD as indicated in Table 2is lower than the RI values shown for the mean signal presented in Figure 3a.
Second, even when only the rhythmic cry b versus cry +specimens are considered, the former genotype causes a significant reduction of RI values, with the exception of antennal pairs whose molecular time-courses were monitored at constant temperature.
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