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Sentences for "bronzes "
(2) The bronzes found in water, as for example in the beds of lakes and rivers, are less perfectly preserved.
When such bronzes have dark or green coloured patches or spots, the layer is very thin and may be removed by treatment with acids, which allows the metallic colour to become visible.
If bronzes which are markedly incrusted with verdigris are found in water in all probability they had lain in the ground a considerable time before being covered with water, and oxidation had penetrated deeply into the metal before immersion.
This does not occur with bronzes preserved in water.
After detailing the observations of Davy, Hünefeld, and Picht, that the metallic copper exists partly in alloy and partly free as crystals in the layer of cuprous oxide, he continues as follows[33]: [18] “The process of decomposition in bronzes has been regarded as a slow oxidation, in which cuprous oxide marks the first and incomplete stage, while the carbonates represent the later completed phase.
The formation of both these substances was assumed to be due to moist oxidation, on bronzes as well as in those superpositions of copper, cuprite, and malachite, so frequently found in minerals.
Firstly, by no means all bronzes which have been dug up, even though from the same excavation, show the layer of cuprous oxide.
’ Finally, in addition to oxygen and carbonic acid, many salts, those of ammonia for example, occur in the spots where bronzes are found and favour the formation of copper salts.
Such soluble salts as are formed are removed by solution, while the bronzes become covered, according to circumstances, with an insoluble layer either of carbonate or of oxide, whereby the form of the objects is preserved.
Since the absence of the necessary conditions may arise from a number of purely accidental causes, it will be easily understood, that bronzes from one and the same grave may show the same percentage of carbonates, but very dissimilar percentages of cuprous oxide.
In short all actually observed conditions in which bronzes are found are accounted for by the explanations given above.
This is only to be expected from the varying character of the localities in which the statues or bronzes are found.
) The well-preserved bronzes are remarkable for the excellent quality of the alloy.
Bibra himself examined the patina of several bronzes and found it to consist mainly of sulphate and carbonate of copper.
Copper 85•98 57•27 Tin 12•64 8•40 Lead 1•09 1•02 Zinc 0•50 0•46 Iron trace 1•61 Lime (CaO) 0•13 Chlorine 5•35 Carbonic acid (CO2) 4•25 Alumina 9•86 Water 4•40 Oxygen 7•25 100•21 100•00 So too at a meeting of the Association for the Promotion of Industries in Prussia, Elster[41] referred to the existence of chlorine in patina, and regarded this as a proof that the patina upon antique bronzes was actually intentional on the part of the manufacturers.
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