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Sentences for "cholinergic "
IGFBP6 plays a significant role in the differentiation, maintenance and regeneration of the central cholinergic neurons [ 15 ] .
Here, the tangential cells have been shown physiologically to possess at least two different transmitter receptors on their dendrite: a cholinergic receptor with a typical nicotinic pharmacological profile, and a ?
-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor [ 23, 24].
The massive presence of ?
-ARD immunoreactivity emphasizes the importance of nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission in the fly visual system.
As outlined earlier, lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) respond to cholinergic and GABAergic stimulation.
Comparing this to our results from the cholinergic and GABAergic receptor immunocytochemistry, the L1 pathway (layers 1 and 5) is the most likely to carry the relevant input signal for the non-linear interaction through the medulla.
This results in weakly directional signals for each of the four cardinal directions of motion split into a cholinergic pathway, providing direct excitatory input onto the LPTC dendrites through T4-cells, and an indirect GABAergic pathway, relayed through the posterior layer of the lobula via T5-cells, providing inhibitory input to LPTC dendrites.
Lesions of the cholinergic system [ 8 ] and of drugs blocking ACh transmission have effects on orienting of visual attention in monkeys [ 9 ] .
txt Background The synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) 1in cholinergic neurons is dependent on the availability of its precursor, choline, most of which is derived from the circulation (reviewed in [ 1 ] ) and enters cholinergic neurons via a process catalyzed by a specific transporter [ 2 3 ] .
The second product of PLD-catalyzed PC hydrolysis, choline, is used by all cells as a precursor of PC, and uniquely by cholinergic neurons as precursor of ACh.
In the present study, we used a cholinergic cell line, SN56 [ 17 ] , which is derived from the fusion of septal neurons of postnatal day 21 mice with N18TG2 murine neuroblastoma cells, as a model for cholinergic neurons, in order to determine the possible role of PLD 1 and PLD2 in generating choline for ACh synthesis.
We found that the cells express exclusively PLD2 and that downregulating PLD2 expression reduces ACh synthesis, while overexpressing and/or stimulating PLD2 activity increases the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, indicating that PLD2-catalyzed hydrolysis of PC generates choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells.
These data show that SN56 cells express exclusively PLD2 and thus experimental manipulations of the activity of this PLD isoform were subsequently employed to determine if this enzyme is capable of producing choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic cells.
A recent immunohistochemical study of PLD1 expression in rat brain showed that this PLD isoform was expressed in neurons in medial septum, cranial motor nuclei and ventral spinal cord [ 20 ] , all areas of the central nervous system enriched with cholinergic neurons.
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