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Sentences for "codons "
The production of tRNAs corresponds to the frequencies with which the different codons are present in their protein coding genes.
coli however, these codons are considered rare and occur with frequencies of 1.
Insertion of 6 amino acid residues in the ß7-ß8 loop The pKK-RT66 clone containing two unique restriction sites, Hpa1 and Stu1 , at codons 136 and 140 in the RT coding region [ 15 ] was used for insertion of 6 amino-acid residues in the ß7-ß8 loop of the p66 and p51 subunit.
In more detailed analyses, several groups tested individual codons for replacement mutations that are, as an aggregate, overabundant [ 23, 36, 37, 38].
Results and Discussion Selection map of influenza A H3 hemagglutinin QUASI identifies 25 HA codons where one or more replacement mutations are positively selected in the influenza A H3 virus (Fig.
The distribution of these positively selected codons is of particular interest.
Without exception, the codons where variants are positively selected are on the HA surface (Fig.
These 25 codons include 13 outside those identified as positively selected by Walter Fitch and colleagues [ 40].
The Fitch group also identifies 6 additional codons as positively selected.
We believe that these are false positives caused by the Fitch group's assumption that HA is, on average, neutrally drifting, these six codons may be less negatively selected than average, but they nevertheless appear to be negatively selected.
" Because QUASI identifies non-consensus variants at two codons of this motif as positively selected (Fig.
Interestingly, in carbohydrate-building models of gp120, these gaps correspond to codons where we find variation is positively selected (P.
Whereas mutations at other codons are necessary for high resistance to AZT, mutations at codon 219 are not, and codon 219 mutations arise late in infection after earlier mutations have already rendered RT resistant to AZT [ 53].
On a practical level, using phylogeny to reconstruct viruses' mutational histories and then using intuited mutations leaves one with insufficient data to determine positively-selected codons [ 36] unless, as some have done, one assumes observed drift is neutral and then tests for codons where selection is more positive than average [ 23, 38].
The chance of observing r replacement mutations is given by the binomial distribution, , where n is the number of codons providing data for this position.
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